Artistic licence microscope 3a
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These modified structures are involved in mating, copulation, and insemination. The composite male genitalia are structures formed from elements of the posterior segments IX and X of the abdomen. Also known as the male terminalia, Harbach & Knight recommended instead to use “the genitalia” to avoid confusion with other terminal structures. The terminology of the male genitalia used in this key follows that of Harbach & Knight. For these species, it will be necessary to conduct field collections in the type-localities and further taxonomic investigations. ( Ker.) auyantepuiensis Harbach & Navarro An. ( Ano.) pseudopunctipennis rivadeneirai Leví-Castillo An. ( Ano.) pseudopunctipennis patersoni Alvarado & Heredia An. ( Ano.) pseudopunctipennis neghmei Mann An. ( Ano.) pseudopunctipennis levicastilloi Leví-Castillo An. They are the following: Anopheles ( Ano.) annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga An. The key includes most of the species registered in South America, except for 15 species that are poorly known. The water marks embedded in photomicrographs of the male genitalia show the institution where the vouchers are deposited, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP) and Universidad del Valle. The nomenclature adopted is that of Harbach & Knight. The institutional sources of specimens are recorded on each photograph. Photomicrographs were further processed in Adobe Photoshop ( ) to embed names and labels. Photomicrographs of relevant characters for the male genitalia were taken using a digital Canon Eos T3i (Canon, USA), attached to a Diaplan Leitz microscope, using the program Helicon Focus software ( ), which was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. For species that we could not access, illustrations were based on published illustrations. The primary types (holotypes and paratypes) and other field-collected specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (FSP-USP), Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNMC) were examined to discover characters to be used in the male genitalia key. For members of the Myzorhynchella Series, both ventral and dorsal claspettes possess multiple characteristics that are herein used as reliable characters for species identification. In some species, the shape, and anatomical details of the aedeagus also need to be examined for species identification. Distortion that can occur during the dissection and mounting process can obstruct accurate identification this is most evident with inadvertent damage or destruction of unique features and interferes with correctly assigning shapes of the features of the ventral claspette. Male genitalia of South American species of Anopheles possess robust characters that can be exploited for accurate species identification. Anopheles ( Anopheles) tibiamaculatus (Neiva, 1906) which has a unique quadrangular-shaped aedeagus with an apical opening. The male genitalia of type-specimens of previously poorly documented species were also examined and included in the key, e.g. ResultsĪn illustrated key to South American species of Anopheles based on the morphology of the male genitalia is presented, together with a glossary of morphological terms. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. Photographs of key characters of the genitalia were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i attached to a light Diaplan Leitz microscope. For those species for which specimens were not available, illustrations were based on published illustrations. Morphological characters of the male genitalia of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a comprehensive, illustrated identification key.
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In this key, based on the morphology of the male genitalia, traditionally used important characters are exploited together with additional characters that allow robust identification of male Anopheles mosquitoes in South America. Characters of the male genitalia are structural and allow accurate identification of the majority of species, excluding only those in the Albitarsis Complex. However, morphological characters, especially those of the females and fourth-instar larvae, show some degree of polymorphism and overlap among members of species complexes, and sometimes even within progenies. Accurate identification of the species of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 requires careful examination of all life stages.